Oral Defense free essay sample

Toward the evening, the advocates Pictures in Motion will confront the specialists. Before the opportunity has arrived, the defenders go to the college ahead of schedule for arrangement. They went to the canvas printing look for their 3† by 3† covering. The advocates have six hours left so they check for their capacity point introduction. The inclination that can’t clarify whether it is anxiety, appetite or simply nothing, is in the defenders. Remaining inside the reenactment room, close to the gathering room where the advocates will safeguard the venture practicality study, is a major weight. Everytime there is a gathering inside the meeting room shielding their examination and numerous mistakes are seen and those blunders are likewise in our investigation, we generally need to transform it. In any case, how? The papers are inside the meeting room. Two hours left, still there is the inclination that can’t clarify. The advocates chose to have their hair style (trusting that we will be quiet). We will compose a custom article test on Oral Defense or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page While inside the salon, we are trusting that we won't be destroyed or atleast our examination will be plausible enough according to the specialists particularly Dean Yu who is exacting with regards to money related viewpoint (the most significant part for the defenders). The opportunity has arrived. We will shield our proposed business, Pictures in Motion, a versatile photography studio. Everybody of the advocates is apprehensive. We originally talked about what is on our PowerPoint introduction and after that is the issue and answer divide infront of the specialists. The advocates truly value the proposals and remarks of the specialists. The emotions that can’t be clarified are presently being clarified. The sentiments of bliss are communicated in the proponents’ faces. The advocates will reconsidered the investigation dependent on the proposals and remarks of the specialists. After the inquiry and answer, we understood the mistakes that we made in our investigation. It’s like the torn is dispensed with. The bliss that this possibility study is over is presently can be felt. It resembles opportunity that we can concentrate on our significant subjects.

The Importance of Planning a Negotiation Strategy for Sales free essay sample

I read and broke down this data on different occasions until I had a total comprehension of the circumstance I was going to be lowered in and the obligations/obligations I was committed to satisfy. In the wake of finishing this errand and perceiving what my objectives were I needed to choose what methodology and kind of arrangement I should use so as to design fittingly and show up at the objectives doled out to me by POP Production. It was clarified that my objective was to structure an agreement/manage Windy City Theater that would diagram an understanding concerning benefit sharing of the movies tickets, pay sums paid to my cast and team, and who might be answerable for housing/load up costs. Having a ton of measures and choices rotating around these three debatable parts, it made a wide scope of bartering blends. With further research and investigation of data in regards to WCT clearly I didn't have an away from of their careful objectives and needs when it came to facilitating a show in their theater. We will compose a custom article test on The Importance of Planning a Negotiation Strategy for Sales or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Perceiving this vulnerable side and the significance to save a positive and solid relationship for the chance of future business (Bugles); I chose to pick communitarian exchange that would mean to make a settlement that completely fulfills all gatherings. Subsequent to conceptualizing the data and current circumstance it had unmistakably sketched out the vital conditions that describe community oriented arrangement and strengthened my hypothesis that I was going down the correct way. It is these following conditions that characterize the relationship and thought process of my arrangement: * Potential for shared increase Fundamental inspiration * High desires * Laborious and dreary * Problem-illuminating direction * Required to work through issues * Premised on relationship building * Dilemma of trustworthiness and trust Having my objectives and procedure recognized I had the option to begin the arranging period of my exchange by making an arranging report. I laid out and composed dat a on the two gatherings supposedly identifying with the subjects of objectives, foundation data, significant issues, BATNA, opposition focuses, and target focuses. When I had the crude information before me on my arranging report I kept on laying out the fundamental strides to effectively actualize my procedure. There are seven primary advances which structure and make collective exchange fruitful. It is these seven stages that I added to my arranging report to guarantee that I acted in the correct manner and adhered to the suitable advances and rules of community oriented exchange. 1. Characterize the issue and objective a. It is significant that you keep it straightforward at the outset as you are attempting to fabricate kinship and trust. b. I essentially shared my three objectives with no numbers or arrangements appended to them. . Distinguish intrigue c. This is the place I can attempt to make sense of what WCT’s meaningful interests are and what their needs are. 3. Recognize the deterrent d. This is the place I wanted to â€Å"open up† in a benevolent manner to discover what remains among me and my objectives. 4. Create Crit eria for arrangements e. This is the place I wanted to figure out what WCT is keen on, so as to finalize the negotiation. 5. Have a straight to the point conversation about pooling assets f. This is the place I wanted to discuss my other show Bugle and extra income produced from signature marking meetings. . Create options g. This is the place I wanted to be inventive and fill in as a group to create extra options that may help the two of us out. 7. Assess and select choices h. This is the place I intended to utilize the gave spread sheet in ascertaining the chose haggling blends we settled upon. I made arrangements for this exchange by first recognizing what my objectives were, picking a proper system than making an arranging report that fuses all the parts of arranging showed previously. Genuine Negotiation I met Taylor Anderson at Red Square around 4:30 Sunday night, and it was incredibly loud in light of the fact that it was during the middle of the low-rider vehicle appear. I had appeared right on time to stroll around to see all the vehicles so I wouldn’t be intensely diverted from the exchange. When we found a proper spot we hopped directly into the arrangement. I was the main individual to shout out by saying that I needed to be straightforward and cooperate in a communitarian setting. He stopped for a second before saying anything other than I could guess by his non-verbal murmur of help depicted all over that we had similar aims for this exchange. When we had resulted in these present circumstances understanding we began experiencing the seven community oriented strides to show signs of improvement comprehension of each other’s intrigue. We had the option to experience the seven stages in an unwinding and inviting way. At the point when it came to verbal correspondence we were talking like two companions at a bar which alleviated bunches of pressure and I trust it helped when it came to pooling assets. The dread of offering out to much data and being left in a helpless spot had disseminated as we got further in the exchange. Being in an uproarious open setting had an amazingly unique impact on our verbal and non-verbal correspondence than that of being in the break-out rooms or study hall setting where you feel committed to talk in a legitimate business voice and sit in an upstanding way; at last wearing a veil of double dealing which makes me re-think everything my contradicting party says or does. As we worked our way through the arrangement utilizing amicable body motions and talking uninhibitedly by utilizing slang terms we began getting into numbers and bartering blends. We began by talking about compensation for my group and cast. Taylor made the underlying proposal of $165,000 and I refuted by saying I need a compensation above $200,000. He at that point made a proposal of $225,000 on the off chance that I consented to utilize my cast and team for three early shows and signature meetings. This seemed like a reasonable arrangement so I acknowledged it as a major aspect of the dealing blend. The following point was benefit sharing. We concurred that I would save 35% of the benefits for this show since he consented to pay for the housing/board and suppers. This gave the structure of my agreement an estimation of $587,000 which is $287,500 more than what the Grand Palace was advertising. While evaluating our individual characteristics and how it affected the result of our arrangement I trusted it to have a constructive outcome. We were communicating practically indistinguishable dispositions and feelings which made us extremely firm and set an enormous accentuation on prefacing relationship building and wiping out the situation of genuineness. We were both making wisecracks and chuckling at each other’s jokes while computing our dealing blends we had proposed to one another which represented that we had a similar character and could work corresponding with each other when taking care of the current issue; all together/accomplice. Through verbal, non-verbal, acclimating singular attributes, and a laid back open setting helped in building a solid relationship and building up a flooding blend that permitted us to commonly pick up an incentive from each other. Arrangement Assessment After agreeing and leaving the exchange I began thinking and considering what simply occurred and on the off chance that I was really fulfilled or not. The main inquiry that flew into my head was, â€Å"why did the exchange progress as it did? I think the exchange advanced as it did through the craft of amicable arrangement which is the spine and principle driver of synergistic arrangement. On the off chance that I would have entered this exchange with a distributive and serious demeanor I most likely could have gotten a more significant compensation and better split of the benefits from the movies tickets however would have discarded the chance to show my Bugel melodic at the WTC which is well situated in Chicago. The following inquiry that rung a bell was, â€Å"how did singular contrasts sway the procedure/results? In the wake of returning over the arrangement of occasions that happened I understood that it wasn’t the distinctions that assumed a significant job however all the similitudes that we shared while communicating through our individual attributes. Not articulating around somebody who is totally different truly upgraded the relationship viewpoint which legitimately associated with pooling our assets and creating numerous choices that held an incentive for common increases. Another central point that decided the result of our arrangement was the reality we had it outside in a non-upsetting business nvironment. Not holding to the up-close business standard took into consideration us to act regular and be our actual selves. It is critical to isolate the individuals from the issue and jettison your sense of self strolling into an arrangement. Having the option to jettison the bu siness persona had the option to concentrate all my vitality at the present issue as opposed to concentrating on depicting a genuine business picture and stressing over all my non-verbal signs that may indicate I am not a ground-breaking senior supervisor and I can be strolled on by somebody who is more business situated. Another explanation I accept our arrangement went so smooth was because of the way that I utilized my arranged exchange system straightforwardly from my arranging report. Since I had the option to utilize my arranged system we had the option to stroll through each progression and work as a group when attempting to recognize each other’s interests, needs, and tentative arrangements. Having a first rate and arranged exchange gave me an elevated level of fulfillment! I additionally felt fulfilled in light of the fact that I realize I gave the senior supervisor at WCT a decent arrangement and had made another companion from the experience. This was an extraordinary learning experience; and with each incredible learning experience I had the option to gain some new useful knowledge about myself.

Complete Guide to Psychological Pricing

Complete Guide to Psychological Pricing Have you ever been to a store and wondered why that batch of your favourite chocolate costs $5.99 or the nice sweater costs $398? Did you ever ask why a hotel room costs $199.99 a night and not $200? Did you ever feel that most of the price tags around you are somewhat odd?If you felt theres something at play here, you would be perfectly right! Those one cent or one dollar discounts play a very special role in marketing. These odd prices actually give the illusion that you are paying drastically less than you actually are. So, to the conventional human mind, $199.99 seems closer to $100 than to $200, just because it starts with 1. Odd pricing is a part of something that experts call psychological pricing. © Shutterstock.com | astephanIn this article, you will learn about 1) an introduction to the psychology of pricing and 2) leading pricing strategies based on psychology.INTRODUCTION INTO PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICINGWhat is psychological pricing?Psychological pricing is a pricing tactic that takes advantage of a customers emotional response to certain price points in order to enhance sales prospects. Psychological pricing uses unusual pricing conventions to make products or services look significantly cheaper than they actually are. Psychological pricing is designed to appeal to a customers emotional side and not his rational side.Psychological pricing endeavours to keep products within stipulated mental barriers of the conventional customer, with marginal reduction in prices.For example, consider the two price tags, $100 and $99. The first price tag is a three-digit figure and breaks the customers mental barrier of favouring a two-digit price. The second price tag gets within that barrier by just discounting one dollar. This little difference often goes a long way into convincing the customer that the product is reasonably priced and makes the difference between a sale and a no sale.Although rational thinking should make it comprehensible to the customer that the price difference between a round figure and a psychological price is meagre, often times, he is compelled to act irrationally. Thats because the human mind processes prices from the left-most digit first. Since psychological pricing brings price tags to the next lower tens (or hundreds, or thousands, and so on) when processed from the left, it creates an illusion that the value is closer to the left-most digit, when it is actually exactly the opposite.The concept of psychological pricing is not new in fact, it is more than a century old. It started as a price war between newspapers during the late 1800s, and by the early 1900s, Bata, a former Czechoslovakian shoe-maker introduced it famous decimal 99 prices . The concept caught on and today, psychological pricing is omnipresent, right from fuel prices to real estate.Rationale of odd pricingA study of the psyche of a conventional customer, and of the human mind, in general, reveals certain traits that are almost universal. These traits have been demonstrated time and again in fairly regular patterns by customers, so much that certain rationales can safely be established with respect to odd pricing.Rationale 1 Customers round off to the lowest figure. A product tagged at $7.99 will most likely be rounded off to the lower figure, i.e. $7, although it is much closer to $8. Since people have a limited capacity to process or store numbers mentally, they lay much more emphasis to the left-most digit and lose track as they move to the right.Rationale 2 Odd pricing creates an illusion that the product is tagged at the lowest possible price. Odd prices appeal to the customer psyche as being specific and thus, honest. On the other hand, rounded -off price tags look manipulated and thus, somewhat dishonest.Rationale 3 Customers are attracted to the digit 9. The power of 9 in marketing can never be overstated. Right since the 1800s, prices ending in 9 (or 0.99) have conveyed to the customer that they are getting change back in the form of a cent or a dollar or more, which is always welcome.Common end digits of pricesBy the middle of the twentieth century, statistics showed that two-thirds of all sampled price tags ended in an odd digit. Prices ending in 9 were always the most popular, followed by those ending in 5. In fact, four out of every five items in retail stores had prices that either ended in a 9 or a 5.A study conducted in 1995 on 1188 sampled price tags throws some interesting results. Below, we illustrate the results for all prices ending in digits 0 through 9.Ending in 0 89 items (7.5%)Ending in 1 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 2 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 3 9 items (0.76%)Ending in 4 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 5 34 0 items (28.6%)Ending in 6 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 7 5 items (0.4%)Ending in 8 119 items (1.0%)Ending in 9 721 items (60.7%)From the above study, it was observed that almost 90% of all sampled prices ended in either 9 or 5. Round figure price tags commanded only a 7.5% share, while prices ending in either of the rest of the numbers were more or less insignificant. The enormous value of odd numbers in pricing can thus safely be established.Another study conducted in New York postulated that women are more susceptible to be attracted to odd pricing than men.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]Advantages Disadvantages of Psychological PricingPsychological pricing has its own set of merits and demerits.Advantages of psychological pricing:Psychological pricing puts products into specific price segments or bands. Segmenting odd prices always puts them into the lower price bands, thus instantly presenting themselves as being of higher value to the customer. For example, the rounded-off price of $100 falls within the price band $100 $199, while the psychological price of $99 falls in the next lower band, i.e. $1 $99.Psychological pricing introduces the illusion of incremental discounts, thus pushing sales to an extent. However, the efficacy of this argument is uncertain.Psychological pricing establishes control and accountability in the cashier. Since whole dollars are much easier to steal than loose change, it is, hypothetically, very difficult to steal money obtained by selling oddly priced products. For example, when a cashier gets a 100-dollar note for a $100 item he just sold, it is easy for him to steal the note. But when he sells a $99 item, he is either getting several banknotes (tens, ones, etc.) from the customer, or is returning change from the cash register. This makes it difficult for him to steal.Psychological pricing can help segregate discounted products from regular-priced ones. Discounted products can always be oddly priced for easy identification.Disadvantages of psychological pricing:Since psychological pricing uses fractional or decimal prices, it makes it difficult for cashiers to calculate the amount due or change due to the customer when compared to rounded-off prices.Many customers employ rationale rather than emotion while buying, and this is increasingly becoming the case. Rational customers cannot be manipulated by psychological pricing and will not be attracted by odd prices, since they will tend to round off prices to the next higher amount. For example, a rational customer will see $7.99 as $8 and not as $7.THE ANATOMY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICING ITS BEST STRATEGIESHow to use Psychological Pricing to charm the customer Methods and Strategies you should follow to attain that irresistible priceThe list of psychological pricing strategies is huge. We will explain a step-by-step procedure into using psychological pricing to your advantage.Strategy #1: Define your priceIt is an exhaustive process to determine the correct price for your product. A lot of research goes into understanding the human psyche in its response to psychological prices. The goal is to either find that pricing sweet spot or to continually make adjustments to your price so that it becomes the most effective.Charm Pricing: We have established before that a human mind is naturally attracted to odd prices. This attraction has given rise to the concept of charm pricing. Charm prices typically end in 9, 99 or 95. The charm is not just in the 9s or the 5s in the price tag, but also in the left-most digit in the price.Appropriate Rounding: Appropriately rounded prices also go a long way into attracting more customers. Many customers would find it difficult to process prices that have fractions and are not rounded, say $99.84. However, they are easily able to process the next rounded number, which is $100. A price that is easily processed strikes the right chords with the customer. However, theres a contradiction with rounded prices. A lot of people perceive rounded-off price tags like $100, $3000, etc. as manipulated and stay away. So, the best bet is to do the following when you are targeting an emotional purchase, you can resort to appropriate rounding; and when you are to make a rational sale, its best to have a price with fractions.Strategy #2: Comparing and Optimizing PricingComparison and optimization are two psychological pricing strategies that marketers have been increasingly resorting to.Comparing pricing: The primary strategy most of them follow is to price their products in direct comparison to their competitors products. This way, by keeping their prices slightly lower than their competitors, marketers build a case for themselves with their prospective customers. Although this strategy works with many products, in certain scenarios, it doesnt. In fact, there are many products (e.g. medicines) that do not fit into this price war. As a matter of fact, providing comparative discounts on these products will create a negative impression that the products are of inferior quality, and customers will associate heightened risk with buying these products. An interesting phenomenon is the effect of useless prices or decoy products. According to Dan Ariely, a professor of psychology and behavioural economics, price points play a very pivotal role in subliminally affecting a customers perceived value of a product. Dan experimented with three price points (1) A web-only subscription, valued at $59, (2) A print-only version valued at $125 and (3) A complete package of web and print ver sions at $125. In this case, the second price point is obviously a useless price, since for the exact same price, a customer would be able to buy the complete web + print package. However, when the second price point is discarded, the entire perspective changes. It becomes apparent that the second price point was there just to provide an illusion that option (3) was an excellent bargain in comparison. But without option (2), option (3) suddenly looked far-fetched and unreasonable. Thus, Dan concluded that certain useless price points help change customers perspective from looking for a bargain to looking for good value.Optimizing pricing: An important observation made by marketing experts is that it is most often a better proposition to sell time over money. Customers always form a personal connection with a product that they deem good and cherish the time they spent using it. Thus, from a business perspective, referring to time instead of money will be seen as more favourable by su ch customers, and this will lead to better sales prospects. According to Jennifer Aaker, the General Atlantic Professor of Marketing at Stanford Graduate School of Business, almost half of all advertisements she studied made references to time instead of money. In an experiment conducted by Aaker and her co-author, Cassie Mogilner, three stands selling lemonade were set up with prices ranging from $1 to $3. These stands were manned by two six-year-old children. The catch was that the three stands used three different advertising slogans to woo customers. While one of the signs was neutral and only advertised the product, another sign coaxed would-be customers to spend some time and enjoy the lemonade. The third wheedled customers to spend a little money and enjoy the drink. The results were dramatic the stand that coaxed customers to spend some time attracted double the number of customers who were willing to spend twice as much for the drink.Strategy #3: Influence the perception o f your priceHow your price is perceived goes a long way into determining whether or not your product has a sales potential.The psychology of 9 and the Decimal 99: Look around any market or store and you will find that a majority of the prices end in 9. The reason why this happens is obvious it works! An experiment jointly conducted by MIT and the University of Chicago had the same item of womens clothing priced differently at $34, $39 and $44. While common logic dictates that the ones priced at $34 should have been the best sellers, clearly this wasnt the case. Actually, the items priced at $39 sold the most. Now, moving on to prices that end in .99, the logic is pretty similar. However, prices that end in 99 cents also, albeit hypothetically, force the cashier to open the cash register and pay back a cent in change, making it difficult for them to pocket whole dollar bills. But, of course, this is an old theory that doesnt make much sense nowadays, since most bills are paid by car ds.The power of context: Context plays a very important role in pricing. The same article will seem to be of better value when another identical article is introduced at a higher price. For example, a bag of peanuts costs around 30 cents in the grocery store. But the same bag costs up to a dollar at the airport. Once you are at the airport browsing the price of a bag of peanuts, it would immediately strike you as unfair that you have to pay more than three times for the same article. Suddenly, the 30 cent price at the grocery store seems very high value in the context of the airport. In a similar fashion, it is much easier to sell a briefcase priced at $100 when it is placed next to another one priced at $300.Split pricing: The underlying logic behind split pricing is this: People always tend to be attracted to a price that seems visually lower. While customers still end up paying the same amount, split pricing manages to catch the fancy of their subconscious mind. This is the reaso n why many stores only emphasize on their base price for commodities. Whether it is a slice of pizza or an article of clothing or a car at a dealership, the displayed price is most often the base price, without adding taxes, handling charges and shipping charges. This is done to have a more positive effect on the customer, to force them to perceive that they are paying less when they are actually not. Another way to achieve this end is to offer to receive payment through instalments. A television set that is advertised at a flat rate of $500 will look less appealing compared to one which is advertised as 5 instalments of $100. Clearly, the subconscious mind of the customer compares $500 with $100. Similar results can be obtained by displaying the daily price equivalence instead of the monthly instalment. So, $3.33 / day sounds a lot cheaper than $100 / month, when both of them are essentially the same rate.Size and position of the price: Size and position of prices also play an impo rtant role in deciding price perception. It has been established that the physical size of the price tag and its position can affect a buyers perception. Typically, displaying the price in a smaller font will convey the perception that the price is smaller, more so when it is displayed next to another reference price in a larger font. Also, placing the price tag at the bottom left creates a perception of a smaller price. Punctuation plays another important role in price perception. It has been noticed that avoiding commas in prices decreases the number of syllables in the price, thus creating the perception of a smaller price.Using Anchoring: Anchoring is a process in auctions where negotiations are started at a higher price. This higher price is called the anchor point. It is possible to generate higher revenue at an auction by setting high reserve prices or anchor points. Also, it is best to have a non-rounded price as the anchor price in order to establish credibility. For an art icle to be auctioned at a starting bid of $50, it is best to have the anchor point at say, $76.55 instead of $70 or $80.Strategy #5: Changing the priceIncreasing prices of your products is inevitable in the current state of the economy. However, it is a tough job to convince customers about the rationale behind a price rise. In that scenario, it is best to follow the following strategies:Small increase but more frequently: There is a postulate known as Just Noticeable Difference (or, JND). This is the process of increasing prices by very small, barely noticeable margins in a frequent manner. Regular, marginal price increases will ensure that the customer is not too alarmed and will also help the company in coping with inflation on a regular basis. For example, a product that is originally priced at $40.99 can be marginally increased to $41.99 in the second month and then to $42.99 in the third month and so on, instead of directly shooting the price up from $40.99 to $45.99 after fiv e months.Less features but the same price: The Just Noticeable Difference postulate can also be used to marginally reduce features of a product without changing the price. Many companies resort to marginally reducing the dimensions of a product in a proportionate manner in order to lower production costs and to maintain profit margins without increasing prices or alarming the customer.

Complete Guide to Psychological Pricing

Complete Guide to Psychological Pricing Have you ever been to a store and wondered why that batch of your favourite chocolate costs $5.99 or the nice sweater costs $398? Did you ever ask why a hotel room costs $199.99 a night and not $200? Did you ever feel that most of the price tags around you are somewhat odd?If you felt theres something at play here, you would be perfectly right! Those one cent or one dollar discounts play a very special role in marketing. These odd prices actually give the illusion that you are paying drastically less than you actually are. So, to the conventional human mind, $199.99 seems closer to $100 than to $200, just because it starts with 1. Odd pricing is a part of something that experts call psychological pricing. © Shutterstock.com | astephanIn this article, you will learn about 1) an introduction to the psychology of pricing and 2) leading pricing strategies based on psychology.INTRODUCTION INTO PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICINGWhat is psychological pricing?Psychological pricing is a pricing tactic that takes advantage of a customers emotional response to certain price points in order to enhance sales prospects. Psychological pricing uses unusual pricing conventions to make products or services look significantly cheaper than they actually are. Psychological pricing is designed to appeal to a customers emotional side and not his rational side.Psychological pricing endeavours to keep products within stipulated mental barriers of the conventional customer, with marginal reduction in prices.For example, consider the two price tags, $100 and $99. The first price tag is a three-digit figure and breaks the customers mental barrier of favouring a two-digit price. The second price tag gets within that barrier by just discounting one dollar. This little difference often goes a long way into convincing the customer that the product is reasonably priced and makes the difference between a sale and a no sale.Although rational thinking should make it comprehensible to the customer that the price difference between a round figure and a psychological price is meagre, often times, he is compelled to act irrationally. Thats because the human mind processes prices from the left-most digit first. Since psychological pricing brings price tags to the next lower tens (or hundreds, or thousands, and so on) when processed from the left, it creates an illusion that the value is closer to the left-most digit, when it is actually exactly the opposite.The concept of psychological pricing is not new in fact, it is more than a century old. It started as a price war between newspapers during the late 1800s, and by the early 1900s, Bata, a former Czechoslovakian shoe-maker introduced it famous decimal 99 prices . The concept caught on and today, psychological pricing is omnipresent, right from fuel prices to real estate.Rationale of odd pricingA study of the psyche of a conventional customer, and of the human mind, in general, reveals certain traits that are almost universal. These traits have been demonstrated time and again in fairly regular patterns by customers, so much that certain rationales can safely be established with respect to odd pricing.Rationale 1 Customers round off to the lowest figure. A product tagged at $7.99 will most likely be rounded off to the lower figure, i.e. $7, although it is much closer to $8. Since people have a limited capacity to process or store numbers mentally, they lay much more emphasis to the left-most digit and lose track as they move to the right.Rationale 2 Odd pricing creates an illusion that the product is tagged at the lowest possible price. Odd prices appeal to the customer psyche as being specific and thus, honest. On the other hand, rounded -off price tags look manipulated and thus, somewhat dishonest.Rationale 3 Customers are attracted to the digit 9. The power of 9 in marketing can never be overstated. Right since the 1800s, prices ending in 9 (or 0.99) have conveyed to the customer that they are getting change back in the form of a cent or a dollar or more, which is always welcome.Common end digits of pricesBy the middle of the twentieth century, statistics showed that two-thirds of all sampled price tags ended in an odd digit. Prices ending in 9 were always the most popular, followed by those ending in 5. In fact, four out of every five items in retail stores had prices that either ended in a 9 or a 5.A study conducted in 1995 on 1188 sampled price tags throws some interesting results. Below, we illustrate the results for all prices ending in digits 0 through 9.Ending in 0 89 items (7.5%)Ending in 1 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 2 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 3 9 items (0.76%)Ending in 4 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 5 34 0 items (28.6%)Ending in 6 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 7 5 items (0.4%)Ending in 8 119 items (1.0%)Ending in 9 721 items (60.7%)From the above study, it was observed that almost 90% of all sampled prices ended in either 9 or 5. Round figure price tags commanded only a 7.5% share, while prices ending in either of the rest of the numbers were more or less insignificant. The enormous value of odd numbers in pricing can thus safely be established.Another study conducted in New York postulated that women are more susceptible to be attracted to odd pricing than men.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]Advantages Disadvantages of Psychological PricingPsychological pricing has its own set of merits and demerits.Advantages of psychological pricing:Psychological pricing puts products into specific price segments or bands. Segmenting odd prices always puts them into the lower price bands, thus instantly presenting themselves as being of higher value to the customer. For example, the rounded-off price of $100 falls within the price band $100 $199, while the psychological price of $99 falls in the next lower band, i.e. $1 $99.Psychological pricing introduces the illusion of incremental discounts, thus pushing sales to an extent. However, the efficacy of this argument is uncertain.Psychological pricing establishes control and accountability in the cashier. Since whole dollars are much easier to steal than loose change, it is, hypothetically, very difficult to steal money obtained by selling oddly priced products. For example, when a cashier gets a 100-dollar note for a $100 item he just sold, it is easy for him to steal the note. But when he sells a $99 item, he is either getting several banknotes (tens, ones, etc.) from the customer, or is returning change from the cash register. This makes it difficult for him to steal.Psychological pricing can help segregate discounted products from regular-priced ones. Discounted products can always be oddly priced for easy identification.Disadvantages of psychological pricing:Since psychological pricing uses fractional or decimal prices, it makes it difficult for cashiers to calculate the amount due or change due to the customer when compared to rounded-off prices.Many customers employ rationale rather than emotion while buying, and this is increasingly becoming the case. Rational customers cannot be manipulated by psychological pricing and will not be attracted by odd prices, since they will tend to round off prices to the next higher amount. For example, a rational customer will see $7.99 as $8 and not as $7.THE ANATOMY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICING ITS BEST STRATEGIESHow to use Psychological Pricing to charm the customer Methods and Strategies you should follow to attain that irresistible priceThe list of psychological pricing strategies is huge. We will explain a step-by-step procedure into using psychological pricing to your advantage.Strategy #1: Define your priceIt is an exhaustive process to determine the correct price for your product. A lot of research goes into understanding the human psyche in its response to psychological prices. The goal is to either find that pricing sweet spot or to continually make adjustments to your price so that it becomes the most effective.Charm Pricing: We have established before that a human mind is naturally attracted to odd prices. This attraction has given rise to the concept of charm pricing. Charm prices typically end in 9, 99 or 95. The charm is not just in the 9s or the 5s in the price tag, but also in the left-most digit in the price.Appropriate Rounding: Appropriately rounded prices also go a long way into attracting more customers. Many customers would find it difficult to process prices that have fractions and are not rounded, say $99.84. However, they are easily able to process the next rounded number, which is $100. A price that is easily processed strikes the right chords with the customer. However, theres a contradiction with rounded prices. A lot of people perceive rounded-off price tags like $100, $3000, etc. as manipulated and stay away. So, the best bet is to do the following when you are targeting an emotional purchase, you can resort to appropriate rounding; and when you are to make a rational sale, its best to have a price with fractions.Strategy #2: Comparing and Optimizing PricingComparison and optimization are two psychological pricing strategies that marketers have been increasingly resorting to.Comparing pricing: The primary strategy most of them follow is to price their products in direct comparison to their competitors products. This way, by keeping their prices slightly lower than their competitors, marketers build a case for themselves with their prospective customers. Although this strategy works with many products, in certain scenarios, it doesnt. In fact, there are many products (e.g. medicines) that do not fit into this price war. As a matter of fact, providing comparative discounts on these products will create a negative impression that the products are of inferior quality, and customers will associate heightened risk with buying these products. An interesting phenomenon is the effect of useless prices or decoy products. According to Dan Ariely, a professor of psychology and behavioural economics, price points play a very pivotal role in subliminally affecting a customers perceived value of a product. Dan experimented with three price points (1) A web-only subscription, valued at $59, (2) A print-only version valued at $125 and (3) A complete package of web and print ver sions at $125. In this case, the second price point is obviously a useless price, since for the exact same price, a customer would be able to buy the complete web + print package. However, when the second price point is discarded, the entire perspective changes. It becomes apparent that the second price point was there just to provide an illusion that option (3) was an excellent bargain in comparison. But without option (2), option (3) suddenly looked far-fetched and unreasonable. Thus, Dan concluded that certain useless price points help change customers perspective from looking for a bargain to looking for good value.Optimizing pricing: An important observation made by marketing experts is that it is most often a better proposition to sell time over money. Customers always form a personal connection with a product that they deem good and cherish the time they spent using it. Thus, from a business perspective, referring to time instead of money will be seen as more favourable by su ch customers, and this will lead to better sales prospects. According to Jennifer Aaker, the General Atlantic Professor of Marketing at Stanford Graduate School of Business, almost half of all advertisements she studied made references to time instead of money. In an experiment conducted by Aaker and her co-author, Cassie Mogilner, three stands selling lemonade were set up with prices ranging from $1 to $3. These stands were manned by two six-year-old children. The catch was that the three stands used three different advertising slogans to woo customers. While one of the signs was neutral and only advertised the product, another sign coaxed would-be customers to spend some time and enjoy the lemonade. The third wheedled customers to spend a little money and enjoy the drink. The results were dramatic the stand that coaxed customers to spend some time attracted double the number of customers who were willing to spend twice as much for the drink.Strategy #3: Influence the perception o f your priceHow your price is perceived goes a long way into determining whether or not your product has a sales potential.The psychology of 9 and the Decimal 99: Look around any market or store and you will find that a majority of the prices end in 9. The reason why this happens is obvious it works! An experiment jointly conducted by MIT and the University of Chicago had the same item of womens clothing priced differently at $34, $39 and $44. While common logic dictates that the ones priced at $34 should have been the best sellers, clearly this wasnt the case. Actually, the items priced at $39 sold the most. Now, moving on to prices that end in .99, the logic is pretty similar. However, prices that end in 99 cents also, albeit hypothetically, force the cashier to open the cash register and pay back a cent in change, making it difficult for them to pocket whole dollar bills. But, of course, this is an old theory that doesnt make much sense nowadays, since most bills are paid by car ds.The power of context: Context plays a very important role in pricing. The same article will seem to be of better value when another identical article is introduced at a higher price. For example, a bag of peanuts costs around 30 cents in the grocery store. But the same bag costs up to a dollar at the airport. Once you are at the airport browsing the price of a bag of peanuts, it would immediately strike you as unfair that you have to pay more than three times for the same article. Suddenly, the 30 cent price at the grocery store seems very high value in the context of the airport. In a similar fashion, it is much easier to sell a briefcase priced at $100 when it is placed next to another one priced at $300.Split pricing: The underlying logic behind split pricing is this: People always tend to be attracted to a price that seems visually lower. While customers still end up paying the same amount, split pricing manages to catch the fancy of their subconscious mind. This is the reaso n why many stores only emphasize on their base price for commodities. Whether it is a slice of pizza or an article of clothing or a car at a dealership, the displayed price is most often the base price, without adding taxes, handling charges and shipping charges. This is done to have a more positive effect on the customer, to force them to perceive that they are paying less when they are actually not. Another way to achieve this end is to offer to receive payment through instalments. A television set that is advertised at a flat rate of $500 will look less appealing compared to one which is advertised as 5 instalments of $100. Clearly, the subconscious mind of the customer compares $500 with $100. Similar results can be obtained by displaying the daily price equivalence instead of the monthly instalment. So, $3.33 / day sounds a lot cheaper than $100 / month, when both of them are essentially the same rate.Size and position of the price: Size and position of prices also play an impo rtant role in deciding price perception. It has been established that the physical size of the price tag and its position can affect a buyers perception. Typically, displaying the price in a smaller font will convey the perception that the price is smaller, more so when it is displayed next to another reference price in a larger font. Also, placing the price tag at the bottom left creates a perception of a smaller price. Punctuation plays another important role in price perception. It has been noticed that avoiding commas in prices decreases the number of syllables in the price, thus creating the perception of a smaller price.Using Anchoring: Anchoring is a process in auctions where negotiations are started at a higher price. This higher price is called the anchor point. It is possible to generate higher revenue at an auction by setting high reserve prices or anchor points. Also, it is best to have a non-rounded price as the anchor price in order to establish credibility. For an art icle to be auctioned at a starting bid of $50, it is best to have the anchor point at say, $76.55 instead of $70 or $80.Strategy #5: Changing the priceIncreasing prices of your products is inevitable in the current state of the economy. However, it is a tough job to convince customers about the rationale behind a price rise. In that scenario, it is best to follow the following strategies:Small increase but more frequently: There is a postulate known as Just Noticeable Difference (or, JND). This is the process of increasing prices by very small, barely noticeable margins in a frequent manner. Regular, marginal price increases will ensure that the customer is not too alarmed and will also help the company in coping with inflation on a regular basis. For example, a product that is originally priced at $40.99 can be marginally increased to $41.99 in the second month and then to $42.99 in the third month and so on, instead of directly shooting the price up from $40.99 to $45.99 after fiv e months.Less features but the same price: The Just Noticeable Difference postulate can also be used to marginally reduce features of a product without changing the price. Many companies resort to marginally reducing the dimensions of a product in a proportionate manner in order to lower production costs and to maintain profit margins without increasing prices or alarming the customer.

Comparing The Most Dangerous Game and The Lottery

Richard Connells The Most Dangerous Game and Shirley Jacksons The Lottery both attempt to provide their readers with the cruel truth regarding how it is typically human to express interest in cold-blooded acts. These two short stories discuss about people who see nothing wrong with promoting criminal behavior, but who eventually come to acknowledge the horrible position that the victim is in by experiencing it from a first-person perspective. Sanger Rainsford, and, respectively, Tessie Hutchinson are the central characters in these two stories and they are unable to complexly understand the situation that a victim is in until they actually realize that they are the victims. Reason does not emerge as an important value until the central characters realize that it is absurd for others to put across particular attitudes. Rainsford is reluctant to accept that it is wrong for him to kill animals and he simply sees his actions as a sport. Similarly, Tessie considers that it would be impossible for her to leave her home-town before getting the chance to visit the local store. This demonstrates that these two individuals fail to see matters from the perspective of someone who is threatened by his or her own actions. Even with this, Rainsford seems to be more cerebral when considering matters from this point of view, taking into account that he does not hesitate to express his horror at the thought of hunting human beings. In contrast, Tessie believes that it is veryShow MoreRelatedComparing The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell And The Lottery1080 Words   |  5 PagesOutline Eng 102 Thesis: When comparing â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson. Both the authors stress the purity of life. How somethings are done just because, with no true value generation after generation. I. Introduction A. 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Prisons Are A Violent Dangerous And Hospitable Place For...

Prisons are a violent, dangerous and hospitable place for any person. A significant amount of academic research and literature exists on the underlying causes of prison tension, violence and misbehaviour within the prison system. Pre 1950 violent outbreaks in the where a largely rare occurrence. Post 1950 violence and riots become a more common occurrence within the prison system. Literature around this issue suggests three main theories of approach when examining the fundamental causes of prison riots. Being: Deprivation, Importation and Situational models. Each model examines different factors contributing to deviance within the prison system and offers an explanation as to why riots might occur. By examining each in detail we can contrast these models with the infamous Mt Eden prison riot of 1965, we can draw conclusions as to the contributing factors of the riot in regards to the general conditions of the prison for prisoners and how the prison was organised and run. Prisons are a complex system of social phenomena, hierarchy, human behaviour and disorder. Prisons are a generally consider an extremely dangerous and violent place that encourage antisocial behaviour. Yet prison riots remain a largely rare event. It wasn t until the 1950s that we started to see a significant increase in the number of riots occurring. This can be seen with over 90% of all reported prison rates occurring within the last four decades (Martin Zimmerman, 1990). Investigations have foundShow MoreRelatedAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 PagesThe Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment gave blacks the rights of citizenship, and The Fifteenth Amendment gave them the right to vote. Until the modern civil rights movement (1950s) blacks were denied access to public places such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and schools. There were separate facilities marked colored only, which was sanctioned by the courts. 1896 The Supreme Court: â€Å"Racial segregation was legal as long as separate but equal† 1954 The SupremeRead MoreHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pageswriting a series of essays in favour of free enterprise. Spratt was a Cambridge communist who was sent by the party in 1920s to foment revolution in the subcontinent. Detected in the act, he spent many years in an Indian jail. The books he read in the prison, and his marriage to an Indian woman afterwards, inspired a steady move rightwards. By the 1950s, he was editing a pro-American weekly from Bangalore, called MysIndia. There he inveighed against the economic policies of the government of India. TheseRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesSo only a photocopy of the original typed version exists. During the 1990s, the manuscript was partly typed without alteration into a Word processor, originally an Apple-based system. This was transferred to an IBM system quite recently, but without any conversion of the character codes. It seems that two different systems o f coding diacritics were used and more than two IPA phonetic fonts. Furthermore, for some reason, the typing of the grammar sketch which precedes the manuscript is incomplete. In

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and the Industrial Revolution

â€Å"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch† (Shelley 57). This statement is how Mary Shelley successfully portrayed the overall negative consensus of the industrialization of Europe in the 1800s in her novel Frankenstein. This story parallels the world’s transition from nature and emotion to reason and truth which was the primary cause for the industrial revolution. Though the revolution brought new technology and knowledge, people felt as though they were enslaved by this sudden change. This is clear through Shelley’s Dr. Frankenstein and the ‘wretched monster’ that would forever change the world. There is an equilibrium that can be struck†¦show more content†¦In relation to the novel, Dr. Frankenstein set his sights on creating life and nothing could stop him. 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Many classics show the influence of well-known historical events of their time period such as: 1984 by George Orwell which was i nfluenced by the spread of communism and totalitarian governments, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald influenced by the roaring 1920s, and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird influenced by the racial inequalities prevalent in America. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein can be added to this list as well. Frankenstein was influencedRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,

Euthanasia Essay Research Paper Jason Adams free essay sample

Euthanasia Essay, Research Paper Jason Adams Adams1 October 15, 1998 Mrs. Faulk English Per.4Euthanasia Euthanasia should be legal, because if it is their life, hence, they have the right to be able to stop their agony. Euthanasia was once called Mercy killing. Euthanasia means deliberately doing person death instead so leting that individual to decease of course. Euthanasia means killing in the name of compassion ( ) . The jurisprudence should be passed because they are traveling to decease anyhow, but alternatively the are traveling to hold to populate that suffering life in hurting and agony. It should be the individual s pick because they are the 1s traveling through the hurting ; if some of these state of affairss don t use it should be the household s pick ( if of class given permission by the individual. There is a difference between self-destruction and Euthanasia, self-destruction is when the individual kills themselves and can travel to imprison if non successful ( instead a mental establishment ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Euthanasia Essay Research Paper Jason Adams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Euthanasia is when a trained physician puts the individual to rest. One of the really of import things about mercy killing is that it keeps people from enduring like household members, and besides the individual. Adams 2Euthanasia can assist an aged adult female in hurting or any individual in hurting by seting them to rest for infinity. The method of Euthanasia is more pro for aged because they understand the strivings and suffering.The household of the dyeing or enduring individual has to pay the measure to maintain them on life support, in which Euthanasia would besides assist, by cut downing costs. This would besides take down vacancy in infirmaries, every bit good as cost many taxpayers less! This among many other things indicates why Euthanasia needs to be legalized. A really large factor is the household enduring along with the individual, emotionally these leads to dozenss of emphasis and dislocations. Euthanasia is the lone manner to cover with tormenting hurting! If the ph ysician implies that the remedy to whatever the patient has is improbable, T here are merely two options, mercy killing or intolerable hurting ( ) . Is euthanasia suicide? Isn t it illegal and in what topographic points? Euthanasia has long been legal in Scotland since 1961 and in the remainder of Britain. Someone s ain self-destruction is ever illegal no affair how commendable the motivations. It is this state of affairs which makes it impossible for physicians to pattern active Euthanasia ( ) . So in a few topographic points where Euthanasia is non illegal, the physicians do non hold to pattern to make Euthanasia. Adams3Euthanasia helps Mrs. Boyes loose her hurting and agony by seting her to rest. 70 twelvemonth old, Mrs. Boyes had a relentless petition for voluntary active mercy killing. Mrs. Boyes was so sick that she screamed like a Canis familiaris if anybody touched her. Conventional medical specialty did non alleviate her torment of K chloride. Her last dux when she repeatedly requested to decease. Dr. Cox eventually gave her and injection of K chloride, confering on her the blessing of a peaceable decease, which so many of us feel we are entitled to. This is the figure one ground that Euthanasia should be legal, because so many people in hurting and agony can decease with self-respect and peace. Euthanasia should be for anybody that chooses to and non merely for the sick people. This is of import because it will halt some household agony and the sick individual is put to ageless remainder. So there is no jurisprudence suite the individual should acquire confederations or a card stating that the household can t action the infirmary or anybody because it was their pick to hold it be executed. Euthanasia should be legal because what if the household can t wage for the medical measure and they loose every thing. Hospital has many people that are still on life support to this twenty-four hours, because of an unwellness. This is where mercy killing is recommended for people that don Ts have a greater opportunity to populate. Adams 4 Thus the fatal title will eventually go on but why non allow the individual dice with any self-respect that he already has.

Your marketing sucks an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Your marketing sucks 'Every marketing dollar you spend should bring in more than 1 dollar in return', saysStevens in his blunt-titled book, Your Marketing Sucks. The author, Mark Stevens, who is anentrepreneur and CEO of MSCO Inc., argues that most companies don't have a clue aboutgood marketing. According to Stevens, most marketing amount to 'throwing thousand-dollarbills out the window'. That if the money spent on marketing is not bringing in money, thenthe marketing sucks. When an ad agency starts bragging about Clio Awards received, Stevenswrites, fire them. They should be in the business world to create attractive ads and logos thatwill generate sale out of the marketing activity. Stevens drives out that knowing the best wayto achieve the company's overall objective, is the work of an Extreme Marketer. An ExtremeMarketer is someone who gets a return of investment from her extreme marketing activities. Need essay sample on "Your marketing sucks" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Extreme marketing, according to Mark Stevens, is a process by which one will determinehow much will be spent on effective marketing campaign strategy and receive a positivereturn on the investment. The benefit would be-increase in income and it follows that there isbusiness growth. The business will have an increase in value which is the true measure of asuccessful business venture.. This book will teach the readers how to become an Extreme Marketer by touching onboth strategy and tactics. In a reasonable term and through examples, Stevens provides hisphilosophy on modern marketing and practical advice on how to fix the problems.. In YourMarketing Sucks, Stevens shows how to formulate an innovative and effective marketingplan and then check on the results. Spending a marketing budget should ensure that there is ameasurable return on marketing expenditure. This is an important book as a reference andguide for anyone who is interested to be a business owner whether his company is small orlarge. Business investors will know how to spend their money wisely and get a good returnon their investments. Reference List Mark Stevens (2003).Your Marketing Sucks: New York: Crown Business.

Herbert Spencers Educational Theories Essay

Herbert Spencers Educational Theories Essay Free Online Research Papers Herbert Spencers Educational Theories Essay Herbert Spencer’s theories on education have had a profound effect on contemporary pedagogy and curriculum design. His advocacy of individualism and a highly competitive ethic amongst students and schools plays an important role in education today, e.g. standardized testing and the competitive SAT examinations in the US. Spencer’s pragmatic approach to curriculum design, where the time, money and energy spent towards teaching a particular subject are weighed against the rewards derived from its study have also had a strong influence on modern day curricula. And perhaps most interestingly, his supposedly anachronistic theory of social Darwinism is often implicitly applied by policy makers who want to [“hold schools and students accountable”, with monetary awards and sanctions distributed according to schools that make progress or backslide]. In recent years one of the most contentious educational debates has been the one between social promotion vs. grade retention. If Herbert Spencer were alive today he would undoubtedly advocate the latter over the former, but I wonder if his competitive model of education addresses all of the variables that determine student achievement. His notion that the most academically fit students are the only ones deserving of grade promotion overlooks many important discoveries in the emotional and intellectual development of children and teens. The fact that all children do not mature on the same time scale is an example of one of his potential oversights. Educational policies that stress high stakes testing, especially in the elementary and middle school grades, clearly ignore the wide range of emotional and intellectual maturity that students in these grades fall into. For example, early to mid adolescent females typically outperform their male counterparts when it comes to reading and writing but by late adolescence, both genders show similar performance in these areas. With differences like this in mind, it is likely that rigorous testing of young adolescents and educational streaming based on these exam results will undoubtedly place as many high achievers in remedial level courses as it will put low achievers in accelerated courses. In her paper on the debate over social promotion versus grade retention, Anne Wheelock addresses another important consideration which Spencer’s Darwinist view on the subject would likely fail to properly consider and that is the correlation between poverty and grade retention. According to the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988, approximately one fifth of all eighth graders had been held back at least once and amongst those, 33% came from low-income families. Zealous advocates of social Darwinism might argue that those figures support the evolutionary basis of their theory, i.e. poor students account for the majority of grade repeaters because their parents were also low achievers, who consequently could not secure well paying jobs. What social Darwinism fails to address here is the extra set of challenges that only poorer students must overcome if they want to succeed academically. One of the main assumptions of Darwin’s theory of evolution is that each indivi dual is born into the same environment. Human society is highly stratified and as such cannot be modeled by Darwin’s theory. Wheelock also notes that many students who are held back often become “bored with their schooling [and] the threat of withholding a diploma rarely stimulates them to engage in school.” Many of these students ultimately develop the belief that school is not for me and drop out. In these cases learning no longer becomes competitive at all. One of the most obvious influences of Spencer’s theory on education is the idea of grading students on a bell curve. This system of grading assumes that intelligence is distributed amongst students according to a bell shaped curve, i.e. the number of A students equals the number of F students, the number of B students equals the number of D students and the remainder of students work at a C level. When educators evaluate students according to this model, students compete with each other for grades. Although some might argue that this competition motivates students to work harder others note that it often fails to asses students on their mastery of the material being studied since some students will always fail and some others will always get A’s. A criterion based approach to grading is clearly superior because it assesses students in terms of their mastery of class material. References: Johnson, W. L., Johnson, A. M. (2000) “The Theory of Evolution: An Educational Perspective” U of British Columbia Library, 26 November 2005 Wheelock, A. “Social Promotion Grade Retention” Retrieved 26 November 2005 Research Papers on Herbert Spencer's Educational Theories EssayStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of India

View of Nature and Humanitys Relationships Essay

View of Nature and Humanitys Relationships - Essay Example Nature as Local. Interestingly, Bacon implicated that nature’s instrumentation was largely determined by location. While burial was done in the Lower Region, observatories were situated in the Upper Region. Thus, nature presents a limit by which instrumentation is permissible or not advisable, and this fact was respected by the people of Salomon’s House. The same fact was implicated by Carolus Linnaeus in his The Economy of Nature. His recognition of the co-location of habitat and particular species of flora and fauna was expressed through his acknowledgment of the dissimilar patterns of seasons, as well as the variance in soil composition (Linnaeus 2). Moreover, Linnaeus explicitly expressed this: â€Å"How wise, how beautiful is the agreement between the plants of every country, and its inhabitants, and other circumstances!† (2). Nature as the Framework of Imitation. Bacon’s view suggested that the workings of nature served as the mold by which humans re plicate certain processes for the desired output. This imitation was explicitly detailed: â€Å"We use them likewise for the imitation of natural mines...,† or â€Å"We have heats in imitation of the sun’s and heavenly bodies’ heats, that pass divers[e] inequalities...† (Bacon 3-5). Thus, it is safe to assume that early processes that were said to be ‘invented’ by early humans were probably forms of mimicry out of the observable natural processes. Nature as Something to be Improved. The recognition of nature’s imperfection was prevalent; yet, this imperfection was viewed by Bacon only in the context of the human’s desired output.  

Theories of Counseling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Counseling - Term Paper Example If he gets demotivated and stops working hard his grades may even drop. The bottom line is that an individual endeavors to achieve success through hard work thereby overcoming the weaknesses. This contributes towards a personal drive to completeness. Hence, my view of the nature of people is closest to Alfred Alder’s Individual Psychology according to which people strive towards achieving success and this is referred to as a personal growth towards perfection. Also, according to Alder social interest was affected by social training and was not inborn. Unlike Freud’s theory, Alder believed that the conscious behavior was the backbone of an individual’s personal development. As a result, this theory makes an individual responsible for their perception and adaptations to the different events. An individual’s own lack of properly adjustment explains their lack of growth. If an individual is discouraged or his or her positive gestures do not result in required outcome, misbehavior occurs (University of Nevada Las Vegas, 2010). Individuals act as the components upon which the structure of family is made up of. An individual is affected by the family system very deeply as the family as a whole is a complex and dynamic collection of these individuals playing their roles (Hammond, 2010). The behavior of an individual in their family is shaped by the expectation of the family. This is the same reason why an individual may behave differently with their family members and their friends. This is because an individual is aware of what is expected of him as a brother, sister, daughter, son, parent, or grandparent. The theory which is closest to me view is the Family Systems theory according to which a family is a group of individuals, components and subparts. Similar to any mechanical system, a family can also be diagnosed by researchers and therapists so as to locate the point of repair by investigating its members (Hammond, 2010).

International Marketing Strategy for Tesco

International Marketing Strategy for Tesco Executive Summary This report outlines international marketing strategy for Tesco for its market entry into Sweden with a range of baby wear. The SWOT and PESTAL analysis show that Tesco currently has the resource capabilities to successfully enter the market and implement a market development strategy. The report recommends that Tesco target the high-end market segment with a differentiation strategy. This report will assist in understanding and the formulation of an international marketing strategy for Tesco Plc. The report will use PESTLE and SWOT analysis to provide an insight into Tesco’s current market situation. This will help management in making the correct strategic choices in terms of corporate and international strategy in terms of lunching a range of baby wear (infant toddler clothes) into Eastern Europe (Namely, Sweden). The report will outline how Tesco will make such market diversity and also managing corporate portfolio. We will use the Ansoff Matrix to consider market entry models. The final part of this report will provide an activity plan for Tesco along with a profit and loss account. Measurements and control with contingency plans will also be discussed. Company Profile Tesco runs more than 2,300 supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience stores in the UK (where it is the market leader in food retail), Ireland, Central Europe, and Asia. Its operations include convenience and gasoline retailing (Tesco Express), small urban stores (Tesco Metro), hypermarkets (Tesco Extra), and financial services through Tesco Personal Finance. A global leader in online grocery sales, it owns a 35% stake in US grocery chain Safeways GroceryWorks. It is the leading online grocery store and it is now expanding its business with a TV channel and a retail based education institution†. SWOT and PESTLE Analysis of Tesco Plc A PEST analysis of the industry will examine the local, national and global influences of political, economic, social and technological factors to understand opportunities and threats well. All of those (political, economic, social, technical, legal and environmental) factors will to some extent apply to the retail industry in Sweden. POLITICAL – Following the European Integration and Free Trade Agreements, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in Hungary. Lidl is uncompromisingly fighting to maintain its market share with an aggressive pricing strategy. ECONOMIC the Retail sector is fairly recession prawn and also very sensitive to changes in interest rates. Since the events of September 11th the world economies have suffered heavily, stocks plummeted and prices are at all time lows. The world economy is however, now on the up post September 11th. Consumers are optimistic and the retail industry is once again booming. SOCIAL – changes in consumer taste and lifestyle represent both opportunities and threats for the industry. Opportunities in terms of new market and consumers, however, there are added threats in terms of alternative established Swedish national retailers (foreign company bias). TECHNICAL – Changes in retailing methods as such clothes sales via the Internet is now a common place in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT systems, which are accessed through secure servers; provide flexibility in the running of the business. As Sweden is at the forefront of technological advancement with national companies like Ericsson, Tesco would enjoy the comprehensive logistic and distribution channels already in place. LEGAL – National legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer rights and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resources for making clothes. ENVIRONMENTAL – The renewable source of resources used in production, namely cotton and wool are environmentally friendly. The threats are in terms of legal consequences for livestock’s in terms of health and safety. Market Entry Strategy We can use Ansoff’s product/market matrix to identify directions for Tesco’s strategic development. This matrix offers directions for strategic option available to Tesco in terms of products and market coverage, taking into account its strategic capability and also expectation of stakeholders Source: Johnson, G., Scholes, K., Whittington, R., (2005) We can see from the Ansoff Matrix that Tesco’s lunch of Baby wear in Sweden will involve a market development strategy. As Tesco already sells kid’s clothing (existing product) but Sweden will be a new market. Both capability and market consideration has driven Tesco to into development into new markets. Kid’s clothing is a product that can be exploited in other market segments and also geographical spread internationally. Tesco may encounter some difficulties around creditability and expectations as they attempt to enter the new market. Tesco may not be seen as a credible ‘mainstream’ supplier. Tesco Plc Target Customers Tesco must decide which market segment in Sweden it wants to target; this will subsequently determine its generic strategy. If it wishes to with the low cost retailers then it must adopt a cost leadership strategy. Otherwise it will have to look for differentiation so that it can charge premium prices at the high-end market. As the competitive rivalry in the low cost market is intense, Tesco should enter the high-end market with a differentiation strategy. However, before Tesco decides on its target customers, we need to conduct a market analysis, in terms of size of the baby clothing market in Sweden, market shares of all the existing firms in the market and finally segments within the market, to identify particular segments, so that Tesco can target these and adjust its marketing. Marketing Objective Tesco could have the following objectives: Profitability, in terms of operating margin (a 10% target) Swedish Market share (a 20% target) Customer advocacy (the number of customers who recommend Tesco branded clothing, repeat business) Respected company (the number of community stakeholders who respect Tesco) Employee motivation (the number of employees who feel motivated to deliver Tesco’s goals) Tesco must ensure that it sets ‘SMART’ marketing objectives that are measurable, time limited, attainable and relevant. Marketing Strategy Tesco’ strategy is clear, with growth being pursued from four areas – the core UK grocery business, non-food, international expansion and retailing services such as financial services, the dotcom business and telecommunication packages. Basically, Tesco is using its strong stable core to keep the business ticking over while it forges new riskier areas of growth. Pushing further into non-food in the next phase (Johnson, G., Scholes, K., Whittington, R., (2005)). Lidl is currently destroying the market by selling the products below cost price. Therefore, Tesco’s generic strategy will have to be cost leadership, unless we can successfully differentiate our line of clothing so that we can charge a premium price. A marketing strategy will involve analysing the markets, and which products to offer. The strategy is implemented through marketing tactics, which involve detailed decisions about factors such as the price and the way the product is distributed. So Tesco must decide on its model of entry in terms of, own stores, Internet selling or joint venture with an existing national retailer. Activity Plan Market Research Market Analysis (including demand for baby wear) Mode of Entry Marketing Mix Decisions (Place, Price, Product, Promotion) decisions Methods of promotion – advertising, public relations, direct mail, sales promotion and personal selling Profit Loss account Measurement Controls Tesco must also have in place both financial and strategic controls. Financial controls are in terms of profit targets, capital bids and performance appraisal. Strategic controls in terms of overall strategic balance, agreed business plan, optional services and infrastructure and any short-term constraints such as human resources. Contingency Plan The contingency plan must be in place to ensure that if the product fails having made large capital investments in new store, Tesco must have other products within its portfolio, which it can launch. References and bibliography http://www.forbes.com Johnson, G., Scholes, K., Whittington, R., (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy Text and Cases, 7th Edition, FT Prentice Hall http://www.hoovers.com/nike/ID__14254/free-co-factsheet.xhtml ACCA Paper 3.5 Strategic Business Planning and Development (2001) The Financial Training Company M.E. Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press, 1985 Jeannet, J., Hennessey, D.H, Global Marketing Strategies, 6th Edition, Houghton Mifflin

Labor and Unions in America :: American America History

Labor and Unions in America The Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massachusetts, the construction of a big cotton mill began in 1821. It was the first of several that would be built there in the next 10 years. The machinery to spin and weave cotton into cloth would be driven by water power. All that the factory owners needed was a dependable supply of labor to tend the machines. As most jobs in cotton factories required neither great strength nor special skills, the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more compliant. The New England region was home to many young, single farm girls who might be recruited. But would stern New England farmers allow their daughters to work in factories? The great majority of them would not. They believed that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hopeless poverty. Economic "laws" would force them to work harder and harder for less and less pay. THE LOWELL EXPERIMENT How, then, were the factory owners able to recruit farm girls as laborers? They did it by building decent houses in which the girls could live. These houses were supervised by older women who made sure that the girls lived by strict moral standards. The girls were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when they got married. The young factory workers did not earn high wages; the average pay was about $3.50 a week. But in those times, a half-dozen eggs cost five cents and a whole chicken cost 15 cents. The hours worked in the factories were long. Generally, the girls worked 11 to 13 hours a day, six days a week. But most people in the 1830s worked from dawn until dusk, and farm girls were used to getting up early and working until bedtime at nine o'clock. The factory owners at Lowell believed that machines would bring progress as well as profit. Workers and capitalists would both benefit from the wealth created by mass production. For a while, the factory system at Lowell worked very well. The population of the town grew from 200 in 1820 to 30,000 in 1845. But conditions in Lowell's factories had already started to change.

Feeding Program Report Essay

CAT’s Feeding Program provides a healthy, fresh and nutritious meal to the kids who were in hunger or else to the areas wherein we can see that the people cannot really accommodate their meals clearly. This program also desires to give free meals to those children who where in the particular place that we are destined to go to. Feeding is a tool, which today effectively enables hundreds of millions of poor children worldwide to be sustained to their meals—in developed and developing countries alike. This paper describes the benefits of CAT feeding and how this well-proven tool can be scaled up and specifically targeted to address some of the key constraints to universal primary health completion. One of the advantages of CAT feeding is that, in addition to enabling health status, it has positive direct and indirect benefits relating to a number of other development goals (namely for gender equity, poverty and hunger reduction, partnerships and cooperation, care and prevention, and improvements in health and other social indicators). Some of those implications are discussed herein as well. Even in the most-developed nations, there are hungry children who can be helped by school meals. Through this program, we can help the poor people to at least give them meals so that their hunger will be removed. We, the CAT officers, are the ones who personally made and planned the meals to be cooked. We prepared the meals carefully and cook the meals deliciously so that it would be worth for the children who were eating the meals. We can assure to the children that were eating the meals that we had prepared were all clean and healthy since in has the nutritious ingredients like carrots and sweet potato. We also add some seasonings to the meal so that it would be more delicious and that the children would be very happy to the meal that they were eating. The program tries to close the people’s hunger gap by bringing food to children across the street. Run by the school that funded primarily by the CAT officers, the program offers a safe location for children to eat meals and get free food to take home to their families. At least, in our own simple ways we could help to close the people’s hunger. And through this simple way of helping them closing their hunger, we could also give them nutrition. The objectives of the program are to value the health of every people in the community, to have cooperation while giving foods to others, and to discipline the child’s behavior. And through this program, the children learned how to give, they learned through cooperation and the target objectives were happened. Content/Body On the day of the Feeding Program, it was an exciting day for me since it was my first time to experience that one. Our assembly place was our school and our assembly time was 6:30-7:00 am and I came up late at the school because of the fact that when I came up there, they were only few of them who were there. So, when I came there, there was them and after a few minutes I began to help them. I help them repacking the juice; I also help them chopping the ingredients into small dices. After doing all those preparations, we began cooking. Our teacher divided into three different groups that’s why I am sure it will be easy for the meal to be cooked. We also have three large pots where we can cook the meal. Our group leader was Sinclair F. Seno, I know that he really knows how to cook and besides, he is a skillful person whom I trust on. I trust him that he could make our meal so delicious and he really does. Through his experiences in cooking and on his determination to finish cooking, he made it very fine. And then the other group’s meals were also already cooked. Afterwards, we were preparing so that we can now go to our designated area. The area we will distribute the meals that we had prepared. Then we went to the chapel of their place and tell all the residents that we will be giving out free food and meals. So, we have been working out and then the residents began going out and went to us to ask for food and we also gave them. We also gave them juice so that they will not choke the food that they eat. From the start, the residents were too little and it seems that the food that we had prepared were too much for the people that we are giving food. But when we had announced from each of their homes that we are giving food for free, they were immediately going our from their houses and went to us for food. We were so very happy because it is relieving to the heart that you can help to stop the people’s hunger just in a very simple way. This program is also a way in helping them out of the state of hunger. We also take some videos and pictures for our documentary and also as a remembrance for having this first activity of our CAT. After giving free foods for them, we also immediately clean up the area that we had used and go back again to our school. We wash all those large pots and other things that we had use for cooking. After cleaning those things, we had our picture taking. Together all of us, we had worked out for this event to be successful I enjoy this event and really had fun. Observation I had observed from our program that handling this kind of program is not that easy because you need to have the cooperation between the officials from the place and also from the administration from the office of the school and without their cooperation, the program would be nothing. Also I had observed that without the cooperation of the officers, it wouldn’t be a big success to this program. I had seen that all of us were working together for us to finish this kind of job for the day. We work hard together for us to make this program very successful. This program is also with the residents who support our program. Who were there to ask for food and support what we were doing. This kind of program is not really easy. It really needs time to plan and enough budgets so that the needs would be completed. This program needs to be planned carefully so that the result would be very nice and that the program would be very successful. Recommendation This kind of program should be improved. This program must be in a proper way of having a program. Maybe this should have a list of program so that we can also entertain the children who were there. We can also have games for the children so that they would not only enjoy the food that they eat but also they will be happy and because of the games that will be prepared for them. We can also give them toys (used or donated) so that they would delight the things that will be given to them. We can also perform some intermission numbers for them to be entertained. At least through this simple ways, we could bring joy to their lives and make them happy for this time. This kind of program would be very interesting because it can really help a lot for the children. Conclusion In the current years, the population of the world is getting bigger and bigger and we are not really sure if they can still accommodate their needs and if they can still feed themselves. That is why we have this program to help the people’s hunger to be removed. Giving also nutritious foods to the children could be the best way for them to be provided with adequate nutrition. And also through the food that they eat, it could also energize their day. Therefore, I conclude that this program is for the benefit of the people who are in the state of poverty and hunger.